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Bulla (seal)
''Bulla'' (plural ''bullae'', Middle Persian: gil muhrag) is the term used to refer to inscribed pieces of clay used by the Sumerians in 8th millennia B.C. They were used for agricultural transactions as a form of identification and for tamper-proofing. They served as receipts and encapsulated clay tokens that represented the quantity and types of goods borrowed. After the creation of Papyrus and parchment they developed into inscribed pieces of clay or metal used to seal documents or parcels. This suggests evidence about some of the earliest forms of specialization in the ancient world, moving from a purely agricultural society to a settled society. Therefore, it's likely only skilled and trained individuals could have created this form of administrative system.
==Origins==
During the period 8,000-7,500 B.C., the Sumerian agriculturalists needed a way to keep records of their animals and goods. Small clay tokens were formed and shaped by the palms to represent certain animals and goods.〔"Ancient Scripts: Sumerian." Ancient Scripts: Sumerian. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2014.〕
Clay tokens allowed for agriculturalists to keep track of animals and food that had been traded, stored, and/or sold. Because grain production became such a major part of life, they needed to store their extra grain in shared facilities and account for their food. This clay token system went unchanged for about 4,000 years until the tokens started to become more elaborate in appearance. The tokens were similar in size, material, and color but the markings had more of a variety of shapes. As the growth of goods being produced grew and the exchanging of goods became more common, changes to tokens were made to keep up with the growth.〔Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. Before Writing. Austin: U of Texas, 1992. Print.〕
Transactions for trading needed to be accounted for efficiently, so the clay tokens were placed in a clay ball (bulla) to keep the tokens together. This helped with dishonesty and kept all the tokens together. In order to account for the tokens, the bulla would have to be crushed to reveal their content. This introduced the idea of impressing the token onto the wet bulla before it dried,to insure trust that the tokens hadn't been tampered with and for anyone to know what exactly was in the bulla without having to break it. Eventually seals were impressed into the clay alongside of the impression of the tokens. Each party had its own unique seal to identify them. Seals would not only identify individuals, but it would also identify their office.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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